Musculoskeletal injuries in taekwondo athletes: a nationwide study in Portugal

SUMMARY BACKGROUND Taekwondo is a martial art that emphasizes blows using the feet and fists, and it is characterized by direct and continuous body contact, which subjects their practitioners to a higher number of injuries. This study aimed to determine the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in Portuguese taekwondo athletes and analyze its associated factors. METHODS The sample included 341 taekwondo athletes, aged between 4 and 62 years (18.77±12.77 years), 237 (69.5%) were male, and 104 (30.5%) female. A questionnaire was administered at a national level in taekwondo training and competitions via interview. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-two (38.7%) taekwondo athletes reported having suffered an injury since they began their practice, totaling 294 injuries. Seventy-six (22.3%) athletes had an injury in the previous 12-months period, with a total of 112 injuries. There were 2.15 injuries per 1,000 hours of taekwondo training. The most common of all injuries was muscle injury (strain, contusion) (58.6%), in the foot and fingers (18.9%). The attack technique (28.8%) was the most prevalent injury mechanism. Adult athletes presented a higher risk of sustaining taekwondo-related injuries than adolescents (odds ratio = 3.91; 95%CI: 1.13-13.55; p=0.032), and athletes who trained more than 1 hour had a risk 4.20 times greater (95%CI: 1.44-12.29; p=0.009) than those who trained up to 1 hour per session. CONCLUSIONS Injuries were frequent among Portuguese taekwondo athletes, with specific body areas affected, mainly caused by the attack technique. It is necessary to create injury prevention strategies, including specific training and the use of protective equipment.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO O Taekwondo consiste numa arte marcial que enfatiza os golpes com os pés e punhos, sendo caracterizada pelo contato corporal direto e contínuo, fatores que podem ocasionar lesões. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a incidência de lesões musculoesqueléticas em atletas portugueses de taekwondo e analisar os fatores associados. MÉTODOS A amostra foi constituída por 341 atletas de taekwondo, com idades entre 4 e 62 anos (18,77±12,77), sendo 237 (69,5%) do sexo masculino. O instrumento de medida consistiu num questionário, aplicado sob a forma de entrevista, em nível nacional. RESULTADOS Cento e trinta e dois (38,7%) atletas relataram terem sofrido lesões desde que iniciaram a prática, totalizando 294 lesões. Setenta e seis (22,3%) atletas referiram presença de lesões no período de 12 meses, totalizando 112 lesões. Foram registradas 2,15 lesões por 1.000 horas de treinamento de taekwondo. O tipo de lesão mais frequente foi a lesão muscular (57,7%) e as localizadas no pé e dedos (18,9%). A técnica de ataque (28,8%) foi o mecanismo de lesão mais prevalente. Os adultos apresentaram maior risco de sofrer lesões comparados aos adolescentes (odds ratio = 3,91; IC 95%: 1,13-13,55; p=0,032), e os atletas que treinaram mais de uma hora tiveram um risco de 4,20 (IC 95%: 1,44-12,29; p=0,009) do que aqueles que treinaram até uma hora por sessão. CONCLUSÕES Os dados do estudo revelaram que as lesões foram frequentes em atletas portugueses de taekwondo, com áreas corporais específicas afetadas, e causadas principalmente pela técnica de ataque. Torna-se necessário elaborar estratégias de prevenção de lesões, incluindo treinamentos específicos e uso de material de proteção.

Injury prevalence in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes: comparison between different competitive levels / Prevalência de lesões em atletas de Brazilian jiu-jitsu: comparação entre diferentes níveis competitivos

Abstract This study aimed to identify types and sites of body injury, location of injury occurrence, and the mechanism and severity of injuries in novice and advanced Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes. One hundred and eight BJJ athletes took part in this study separated in two groups: advanced (n = 53) and novice (n = 55). Athletes answered a questionnaire concerning regions of injury, locality of occurrence, injury severity and mechanism. Chi square test and a logistic regression analysis were used with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. The main results showed that shoulders and knees were the most injury location reported by novice and advanced athletes. Novice athletes demonstrated higher prevalence of injuries during training sessions (54.5%), whereas advanced athletes reported more injuries during competitions (66.1%). Significant associations between novice and advanced athletes were observed for major joints (p < 0.05). The odds ratio of having injury was 70-87% less for novice versus advanced athletes for the major joints cited. We concluded that BJJ athletes demonstrate high prevalence of injury mainly at knee and shoulder. While risk of injury appeared less in novice, the advanced demonstrated higher number of injuries during competitions as a consequence of injured joint keys. By contrast, novice athletes reported higher number of injuries associated with training sessions as a consequence of overuse.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as regiões do corpo afetadas por lesões, o local de maior ocorrência de lesão, o mecanismo e a gravidade das lesões em atletas iniciantes e avançados de Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ). Cento e oito atletas participaram deste estudo, separados em dois grupos: avançados (n = 53) e iniciantes (n = 55). Os atletas responderam um questionário sobre as regiões acometidas por lesões, local de ocorrência, grau de gravidade e mecanismos. O teste do Qui-Quadrado e análise de regressão logística foram utilizados com o nível de significância de p < 0,05. Os principais resultados mostraram que o ombro e o joelho foram os locais de lesão mais citados pelos atletas iniciantes e avançados; os atletas iniciantes apresentaram maior prevalência de lesões durante a sessão de treino (54,5%), enquanto os atletas avançados apresentaram mais lesões durante as competições (66,1%). Foram observadas associações significativas entre atletas iniciantes e avançados para as principais articulações (p < 0,05). A chance de ter lesão foi de 70-87% menor para iniciantes do que avançados nas principais articulações citadas. Concluímos que os atletas do BJJ apresentaram alta prevalência de lesões principalmente no joelho e no ombro. A razão de chance de ter lesão foi menor para atletas iniciantes do que avançados. Atletas avançados apresentaram maior número de lesões durante as competições e o mecanismo principal foram chaves articulares. Os atletas iniciantes apresentaram maior número de lesões durante as sessões de treino e o mecanismo principal foi o uso excessivo.

The prevalence, risk factors predicting injury and the severity of injuries sustained during competition in professional mixed martial arts in Africa

Background: Professional mixed martial arts (MMA) has gained international popularity. No African-based studies have reported the prevalence or severity of injuries, risk factors associated with injuries or return-to-play (RTP) time. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of injuries and associated risk factors, as well as severity of injuries sustained by professional male MMA athletes competing at the Extreme Fighting Championships Africa (EFC Africa) from 2010 to 2014.Methods: Permission to do the study and the medical records of all professional events (2010 ­ 2014) were obtained from EFC Africa. Data were obtained from 173 male competitors aged 18 to 44 years, who had participated in 300 professional MMA fights. Results from this prospective cohort study were compared to a similar study done in the United States of America (USA). An injury was defined as any damage to an athlete's body that needed the attention of the ringside physician. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and a stepwise logistic regression. Odds of an injury were predicted with six independent variables: fight outcome, age, weight division, number of fights, injuries in the preceding fight and years of fighter experience.Results: Head, face and neck injuries were most common (22%), followed by traumatic brain injuries (knockouts) (6%). Losing a fight was a significant predictor of injury when using the stepwise logistic regression model (p=0.040). The odds ratio indicated that a preceding fight injury almost doubled the risk of injury in the following fight (OR 1.91; p= 0.163). Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in this study of African-based competitions (6%) were substantially higher than reported in the American study (1.8%). Conclusion: Head, neck and face injuries are common in African fighters. The high rate of TBIs in African competition compared to the USA study is concerning. This could reflect superior refereeing in the USA group, as fights may be ended sooner by stoppage. Further investigation of injury trends and preventative measures should be studied to reduce the incidence of injuries during African competitions

Conmoción cerebral en el karate deportivo: disminución en la frecuencia en los campeonatos mundiales de karate / Cerebral concussion in sport karate: decrease in the frequency in world karate championships

Objetivo: presentar la reducción progresiva en la frecuencia de conmociones cerebrales en los Campeonatos Mundiales de Karate, a partir de los cambios en el reglamento de la Federación Mundial de Karate (FMK). Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo de las conmociones cerebrales ocurridas en los campeonatos del mundo de Madrid (2002), Monterrey (2004), Tampere (2006), Tokio (2008), Belgrado (2010) y París (2012). Resultados: La frecuencia de conmociones cerebrales, definidas según la Conferencia Internacional de Conmoción en el Deporte (Viena 2001, Praga 2004, Zurich 2008 y 2012) ha disminuido progresivamente en los Campeonatos del Mundo de Karate: una conmoción cada 230 combates en Madrid, una cada 196 en Monterrey, una cada 99 en Tampere, una cada 612 en Tokio, una cada 512 en Belgrado, y una cada 1.140 en París. Discusión y Conclusión: El uso de protecciones, la aplicación rigurosa del reglamento del karate deportivo y la educación continua en la prevención de lesiones de los competidores, técnicos y árbitros, ha disminuido la frecuencia de conmocionescerebrales en los Campeonatos del Mundo, haciendo del karate deportivo una disciplina más segura, cumpliendo con los principios del Olimpismo.

Objective: to present the progressive reduction of the frequency of cerebral concussion in the World Karate Championships, due to the changes in the Rules and Regulations of the World Karate Federation (WKF). Material and Method: Prospective study of the brain concussions occurred in the World Championships of Madrid (2002), Monterrey (2004), Tampere (2006), Tokyo (2008), Belgrade (2010) and Paris (2012). Results: The frequency of brain concussion, defined by the International Conference of Sports Concussion (Vienne 2001, Prague 2004, Zurich 2008 and 2012) has progressively diminished in the World Karate Championships: one concussion each 230 bouts in Madrid, one each 196 in Monterrey, one each 99 in Tampere, one each 612 in Tokyo, one each 512 in Belgrade, and one each 1,140 in Paris. Discussion and Conclusion: The use of protections, the rigorous enforcement of the Rules and Regulations of the Sports Karate and the continuous education inthe prevention of injury of athletes, technicians and referees, has diminished the frequency of brain concussion in the World Championships, making Karate a much safer sport, achieving Olympic principles.

Ocorrência de injúrias orofaciais em praticantes de esportes de luta / Orofacial injuries in combat sports practitioners

Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência de lesões orofaciais em praticantes de esportes de luta. Método: Realizou-se um estudo transversal, descritivo-analítico, com abordagem indutiva e técnica de pesquisa a observação direta extensiva. A amostra do tipo não probabilística foi composta por 85 praticantes de esportes de luta matriculados em academias de Campina Grande-PB. Os dados foram coletados mediante a aplicação de um questionário composto por perguntas abertas e fechadas, dicotômicas e de múltipla escolha. As variáveis analisadas foram: sexo, idade, número e tipo de esporte praticado, importância e uso do protetor bucal, tipo de protetor bucal (pré-fabricado, termoplástico ou confeccionado pelo cirurgião-dentista), ocorrência de lesão associada à prática esportiva, região acometida e injúria na cavidade bucal. Os dados foram apresentados por meio da estatística descritiva. Para a análise bivariada utilizou-se os testes Exato de Fisher e Qui-quadrado (p menor que 0,05%). Resultados: A maioria dos atletas eram homens (76,5%), sendo a média de idade de 27,4 anos (±8,7). Quanto ao número de esportes, observou-se que a maioria fazia um único esporte de luta (90,6%). No que concerne ao tipo de esporte, verificou-se um predomínio do boxe (46,2%), seguido do Jiu-Jitsu (25,8%). A quase totalidade dos indivíduos (95,3%) afirmou conhecer a importância dos protetores bucais, porém apenas 41,7% relataram utilizá-lo, durante a prática esportiva existindo diferença estatisticamente significante entre o uso e o sexo do atleta (P=0,023). O tipo de protetor bucal mais utilizado foi o termoplástico (51,4%). Com relação à ocorrência de lesões nas distintas regiões do corpo, 43,5% afirmaram ter sofrido injúrias, existindo associação entre o sexo e a presença de lesão (P=0,002). Lesões na cavidade bucal foram reportadas por 16,5% dos praticantes, sendo todos do sexo masculino, existindo, portanto, associação estatisticamente significante entre o sexo e a presença de lesões na cavidade bucal (P=0,016). Conclusão: Há um predomínio do sexo masculino entre os atletas de esportes de luta, porém nem todos fazem uso dos protetores bucais durante a prática esportiva, apesar da alta ocorrência de injúrias nas regiões da cabeça e face. As lesões na cavidade bucal apresentaram uma baixa frequência nesses desportistas.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of orofacial injuries among combat sports practitioners. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in a sample of 85 combat sports practitioners from fitness gyms in the city of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. The data were collected using a questionnaire applied to the participants and referred to gender, age, type and number of the practiced sports, importance and use of mouthguard, type of mouthguard, occurrence of injuries related to sports practice, affected region, and oral injury. The data were processed by Epi Info 3.5.1 software and presented by descriptive statistics. Fisher's exact and chi-square tests were employed for bivariate analysis (p less than 0.05). Results: Most athletes were men (76.5%) and the mean age was 27.4 ± 8.7 years. The prevailing sports practices were boxing (46.2%) and jiu-jitsu (25.8%). Only 41.7% of the interviewers used a mouthguard during sports practice and there was a statistically significant difference for its use between the genders (p=0.023). Thermoplastic mouthguard was the most frequently used type (51.4%). Occurrence of diverse injuries in different regions of the body was reported by 43.5% of the subjects, with a statistically significant association between gender and presence of injury (p=0.002). Oral injuries were reported by 16.5% of the practitioners, all of them male, with a statistically significant association between gender and presence of oral injuries (p=0.016). Conclusion: Mouthguard is not properly used by combat sports practitioners, in spite of the high rate of injuries in the head and face region. There was a low frequency of oral injuries among these athletes.

Traumatismo encefalocraneano en el deporte: evaluación y manejo a partir del karate deportivo juvenil / Head injury in sports: evaluation and management of sport karate from young people

Este trabajo revisa la definición de conmoción cerebral asociada al deporte y sus posibles complicaciones. Se muestra el perfil de lesiones del XX Campeonato Panamericano Juvenil de karate, especialmente la frecuencia de traumatismo encéfalo craneano (TEC). Finalmente propone un protocolo de evaluación precompetitiva, examen neurológico en el área de competición y normas para el reintegro a la actividad deportiva post TEC.

This work reviews the definition of sport concussion and it’s complications. The injury profile of the XX Panamerican Karate Junior Championship, especially frequency of head trauma is shown. Finally proposes a protocol of precompetitive evaluation, a neurological exam in the competition area and rules of eincorporation to sport activity after concussion.

Early Surgical Repair of Acute Complete Rupture of the Proximal Hamstring Tendons

Hamstring injuries are common forms of muscle strains in athletes but a complete rupture of a proximal hamstring origin is rare. Often there is a considerable delay in diagnosis and stringent treatment because of its rarity, difficulty in clinical diagnosis, and initial attempts of conservative care. We report two cases of acute complete rupture of the proximal hamstring tendons treated with early surgical repair. The diagnosis and treatment of this unusual injury are discussed.

Lesões no judô: repercussão na prática esportiva / Judo injuries: their repercussions on the practice of the sport

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a freqüência de lesões durante a pratica de judô, tempo de afastamento da atividade esportiva e tratamento utilizado em atletas federado praticantes de judô de academias e agremiações no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Método: Participaram do estudo trinta e cinco atletas, sexo masculino, com idade entre 8 e 30 anos e atividade mínima no esporte de 12 meses. Utilizou-se para avaliação um questionário estruturado validado, composto de 18 perguntas abertas e fechadas. Resultados e Discussão: Verificou-se que a maioria das lesões ocorreu durante os treinamentos (82,86%). A maioria permaneceu afastada da pratica esportiva em média entre 15 e 30 dias. Em relação à terapêutica, observou-se que medicamentos antiinflamatórios foram freqüentemente utilizados (71,4%), seguindo-se repouso (62,9%), imobilização (60%) e gelo local (crioterapia) com 51,4%, sendo esta conduta associada à fisioterapia em 40% das lesões. Necessitaram de intervenção cirúrgica 14,3% dos casos. Conclusão: A ocorrência de lesões durante a prática de Judô predomina nos treinamentos, tendo a maioria dos atletas recuperação em tempo inferior a um mês, sendo a principal opção terapêutica o tratamento conservador.

This study sought to verify the frequency of injuries during judo classes, the consequent time away from the practice of the sport, and the treatment used on judo athletes from gyms and clubs located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Method: Thirty-five male athletes participated in the study, with ages between 8 and 30 years old, with a minimum involvement in the sport of 12 months. A validated and structured questionnaire was used for evaluation composed of 18 questions, both open and closed. Results and discussion: It was verified that the majority of the injuries occurred during the training process (82.86%) and most of the athletes remained away from the practice of the sport on average between 15 and 30 days. In relation to therapy, it was observed that anti-inflammatory medicines were being used more frequently (71.4%), followed by rest (62.9%), immobilization (60%) and ice locally (cryotherapy) (51.4%). This treatment was associated with physiotherapy in 40% of the injuries. Surgical interventions were needed in 14.3% of the cases. Conclusion: the occurrence of injuries during judo practice predominates in the training period, and most athletes can recover in less than one month having a conservative treatment as the main therapeutic choice.

Ruptura testicular traumática: papel de la exploración quirúrgica / Traumatic testicular rupture: the role of surgical exploration

Se presenta un hombre de 20 años de edad que sufre lesión traumática testicular durante práctica de artes marciales. Se discute el papel de la ecografía y de la exploración quirúrgica.

We present a man 20 years of age that suffered a traumatic testicular injury during the practice of martial arts. The role of echography and surgical exploration are discussed.

effects of sports pathological keys on the macrotraumas injuties of the face and neck among karate athletes in arak

Since participating in sports and exercising has dramatically increased these days, sports injuries have been considered as the major part of the social incidents. Many sports fans of different ages spend their free time exercising karate. Karate has been classified as contact sports in the categories of International Medicine. Based on the studies done, 57% of the damages to the head and face in England and 59% of them in Australia have been reported to be related to Karate. Karate in Iran has been considered as the first cause of damages to the face and jaws among female athletes and as the second cause of such damages among male athletes. Therefore, this study aims at evaluating the rate of injuries caused before and after trainings to provide for recognizing and then modifying the ways of practicing athletic activities. This research is a Semi-experimental study which has been carried out on all the athletes participating in karate matches in Arak. They have been trained in both groups by a face to face method to find out about the causes, related signals and different types of injuries. The data was recorded based on quantity measurements of the number and the type of macrotraumas to the face and head in the selective matches in the team of Arak. The study was carried out one year before and one year after their participation in the annual match. The data was evaluated and analyzed using SPSS software and running a T test. The average age of the athletes injured was 18.08 years, ranging from 16 to 29 years old. There was no significant relation between the age and the injured area. Altogether, there were 71 cases of the head and neck injuries before training and 38 of such cases afterwards. Also, the highest rate of injury prevalence was related to the injury to the soft tissues before and after the training. There was a meaningful difference between the average head injuries and those of the neck. [P< 0.05]. Neck and head injuries have been found to be the most prevalent in Karate in many studies as well as in this study. So, considering the results of this study which show the influence of training stability in decreasing injuries in sports, programming for continuous training and evaluation to raise the knowledge, theory and acquisition of proper sporting behavior among athletes and the trainers can be main steps in preventing sports injuries and the related consequences

Relação entre técnicas e lesões em praticantes de judô / Relationship between techniques and injuries among judo practitioners

Criado em 1882, o judô, arte marcial caracterizada por um grande número de técnicas e bases filosóficas, tem sido apontado por vários estudos como um dos esportes que apresenta os maiores números em ocorrências de lesões. Entretanto, existe uma carência para levantamentos detalhados de modo a possibilitar uma correlação causal entre aspectos técnicos e o panorama percentual das lesões encontradas. A amostra, constituída de 78 relatos de casos, foi obtida através da aplicação de questionário fechado, em 46 atletas do sexo masculino, com idade média de 23 ± 10 anos, e em 32 atletas do sexo feminino com idade média de 19 ± 7 anos. O tempo de prática dos atletas do sexo masculino foi de 9 ± 6 anos, sendo a graduação distribuída entre 20 por cento com faixa preta, 50 por cento com faixa marrom e 30 por cento com graduação inferior à marrom. As atletas apresentaram tempo médio de prática de 5 ± 3 anos, sendo 9 por cento com faixa preta, 25 por cento com faixa marrom e 66 por cento com graduação inferior. Através da aplicação de um questionário, observou-se que as lesões ocorreram com prevalência de 23 por cento em articulação do joelho, seguido de 16 por cento para ombro, 22 por cento em dedos de mãos e pés; as demais ocorrências totalizaram 39 por cento. Encontraram-se 10 por cento de lesões leves, 9 por cento moderadas e 63 por cento de ocorrências graves. A relação de ocorrência de lesões em treino atingiu 71 por cento dos casos; 42 por cento desse total ocorreram quando existiu a participação de um adversário mais pesado. Os golpes mais freqüentes que ocasionaram lesões foram o Ippon seoi Nague, com 23 por cento, o Tai otoshi com 22 por cento e o Uchi mata com 9 por cento.

Judo is a martial art created in 1882 characterized by a great number of techniques and philosophical basis, and it has been mentioned in several studies as one of the sports presenting a higher amount of injury occurrences. Nevertheless, there are few detailed surveys to allow performing a causal correlation between the technical aspects and the percentage picture of the injuries found in this sportive modality. The sampling was constituted by seventy-eight case reports attained after applying a close questionnaire in forty-six 23 years old ± 10 years male athletes, and thirty-two 19 years old ± 7 years female athletes. The mean time of practice for male athletes was 9 ± 6 years, and their level was distributed as follows: 20 percent black belt, 50 percent brown belt, and 30 percent with lower than brown belt level. The female athletes presented a mean time of practice of 5 ± 3 years, distributed as follows: 9 percent black belt, 25 percent brown belt, and 66 percent with lower than brown belt level. After applying a questionnaire, it was observed that injuries occurred in 23 percent prevalence in the knee joint, followed by 16 percent in the shoulder, 22 percent in fingers and toes, and the remaining occurrences amounted 39 percent. 10 percent of injuries were mild, 9 percent were moderate injuries, and 63 percent were severe injuries. The relationship of the training injuries attained 71 percent of the cases, and 42 percent of that total occurred when heavier fighter participated in the training. The most frequent strokes that caused injuries were the Ippon seoi Nague, with a 23 percent incidence, the Tai otoshi, with 22 percent, and the Uchi mata, 9 percent.

Creado en 1882, el judo, un arte marcial caracterizado por un gran número de técnicas y bases filosóficas, ha sido apuntada por varios estudios como uno de los deportes que presentan un número más grande en la aparición de lesiones. Sin embargo, existe una carencia para los levantamientos detallados de la manera de hacer posible una correlación causal entre los aspectos técnicos y el panorama del percentil de las lesiones encontradas. La muestra se constituyó de 78 informes de casos; se obtuvo a través de la aplicación de encuesta cerrada, en 46 atletas varones, con la edad promedio de 23 ± 10 años y, en 32 atletas mujeres con la edad promedio entre 19 ± 7 años. El tiempo de la práctica de los atletas masculinos era de 9 ± 6 años, mientras la graduación distribuida se comprendió entre 20 por ciento con la cinta negra, 50 por ciento con la cinta marrón y 30 por ciento con la graduación inferior a marrón. Los atletas presentaron tiempo de práctica de 5 ± 3 años, siendo 9 por ciento cinta negra, 25 por ciento cinta marrón y 66 por ciento la graduación inferior. A través de la aplicación de una encuesta, se observó que las lesiones pasaron con el predominio de 23 por ciento en la articulación de la rodilla, siguiendo por 16 por ciento para el hombro, 22 por ciento en los dedos de manos y pies, y las otras ocurrencias ascendieron a 39 por ciento. Las mismas fueron de 10 por ciento de lesiones ligeras, 9 por ciento moderadas y 63 por ciento de afecciones serias. La relación de ocurrencia de lesiones entrenando alcanzó al 71 por ciento de los casos, y 42 por ciento de este total pasaron cuando habia la participación de un antagonista más pesado. Los golpes más frecuentes que causaron lesiones fueron de Ippon-seoi Nague, con 23 por ciento, Tai otoshi con 22 por ciento y Uchi mata con 9 por ciento.

Repercussäo no aparelho locomotor da prática do judô de alto nível: estudo epidemiológico / Impact of high level judo practice in the locomotor apparatus: epidemiologic study

Os autores, analisando os dados constantes em formulários especialmente elaborados para ser preenchidos por 129 atletas praticantes de judô de alto nível (estadual, nacional e internacional), puderam observar considerável incidência de lesoes no aparelho locomotor. Verificaram que houve predominância das lesöes articulares nos atletas de maior nível e de maior peso. Notaram ainda incidência maior de lesöes nos atletas que iniciaram seus treinamentos em idade mais precoce e que permaneceram em atividade competitiva por mais tempo.